# Older blog entries for raph (starting at number 416)

17 Aug 2008 (updated 17 Aug 2008 at 05:05 UTC) »
Thesis back on track

After quite some time of my thesis (on interactive curve design) being stuck, I'm now making good progress again. You can check out the draft chapter on the history of the elastica if you like (soon also to be published as a Berkeley CS tech report).

I had a lot of fun writing that chapter, digging deep into the history of the curve and getting to know the old mathematicians like James Bernoulli better. My advisor is encouraging me to publish it stand-alone. Can anyone recommend a good place, perhaps some kind of history of mathematics journal or conference?

Next up is a similar chapter on the Euler spiral. Then, after that, I finish up my argument characterizing the entire space of 2-parameter splines, and I'm over the hump - the rest is numerical techniques and applications, which will require making a bunch of figures (time consuming but rewarding), but no difficult conceptual work.

Spiro

Spiro is integrated with newish builds of Inkscape, which is awesome. Even more awesome is this YouTube video of spiro in action. (The author also has a three minute S using the original ppedit code; nowhere nearly as cool but still nice)

It looks like the word is getting out. There's also a screencast from heathenx. It's still only in development snapshots. I'm excited that when it finally starts shipping in stable releases, lots more people will get excited.

It's also integrated into FontForge, but sadly I haven't gotten much chance to play with it myself. These days, I'm trying to use all my free time on finishing the thesis itself.

You can also see Euler spirals (also known as Cornu spirals or clothoids) at NodeBox, and a nice project by Andren Novali using them. It's awesome that the free software community is carrying this integration work forward even when I have very limited time for coding myself.

1 Jul 2007 (updated 2 Jul 2007 at 04:19 UTC) »

I was very disappointed to read "Does negative press make you Sicko?" at the Google Health Advertising Blog, and the followup post didn't do much to ease my concerns. A large part of why I love working at Google is how seriously we take the philosophy of "don't be evil," and it's not hard to see how some people might conclude from those posts that we're backsliding on that. But what I see on the inside is very encouraging - lots of internal discussion about what the right course of action is, and a strong commitment from people all up and down the community to act on principles rather than just the profit motive.

Don't get me wrong, Google is in the advertising industry. It makes us a lot of money, and we are very good at it. In fact, I think that the type of ads that we do best -- connecting people who are looking for something specific with providers who offer it -- have lots of potential to improve the way healthcare is delivered in this country.

But I cannot agree with Lauren's claim that "advertising is a very democratic and effective way to participate in a public dialogue." I think that depends a lot on the kind of advertising we're talking about. At its best, it can indeed be democratic. Here's an example: it would be well within the reach of the yoga studio where my mom sometimes fills in as an instructor to buy some AdWords on "hypertension" for their local area. Then, when people search on that keyword, they'll see ads for the yoga studio mixed in with those for medications and high-tech hospital facilities for managing hypertension. Perhaps not quite as prominently based on the size of the ad buy, but good enough.

This type of scenario isn't even really competition. Most doctors would be thrilled to see their patients proactively making lifestyle changes to prevent the need for expensive medicines and treatments. At the same time, if you have a serious heart problem, my mom would definitely want you to get good diagnostics done, etc. Different story, of course, if your BP is just a touch high because you're out of shape and a little stressed out, but even in that case the pharmaceutical industry might concede the chase after that particular bit of revenue.

But when the insurance industry runs advertising campaigns to discredit Moore's film, that's not democracy. The imbalance of money is just too dramatic: the health industry runs somewhere north of a trillion dollars, and spends in the ballpark of three billion a year on advertising. By contrast, the production budget on Sicko was something like nine million. Even if you were to agree with every single point made by the insurance industry and disagree entirely with Moore, there's no way this system can be considered democratic.

I think we can all agree that we need a healthy debate about how to best restructure our healthcare system to better meet the needs of Americans. Moore is a master storyteller, and the way he shows the damage wreaked by the healthcare system in people's lives will make you weep. Getting people to sit up and care is an important contribution to the debate, but it isn't enough. As Lauren points out, anecdotes are not a great way to get to accurate information. To have a healthy debate, we need to be looking really intensely at the numbers. In a free society, the insurance companies absolutely should have the chance to present their case as well.

I also think it's just fine for Google to take their ad dollars, as long as we maintain the integrity of our search results. Those really are democratic, and our commitment to those principles runs deep at Google, from the original PageRank algorithm to the Founder's Letters filed with the SEC, through the actions of the engineers and support staff I work with every day.

But, back to ads, I personally do not weep for the insurance companies, and I frankly don't think they need that much help in getting their message across. This opinion is one of many; within the company, there are lots of people with lots of opinions, and a lot of thought about what it means to do the right thing. Where it gets interesting is when there is tension between all these goals, especially between running a company that is "trustworthy and interested in the public good" as well as profitable. In those cases, we have a spirited debate.

In fact, I am now going to reveal one of our most heavily guarded corporate secrets: within Google, Godwin's Law appears to be suspended. Conflicts, even on really sensitive and contentious topics, tend to get treated as misunderstandings and resolved, rather than degenerating into flamewars.

I don't know that we'll always do the right thing as a company, but I do have great faith that we will try our best to figure out what that is. I also know that when I see something wrong, I'll take a stand. This is not just me, but, believe it or not, is enshrined as principle I(d) in our Code of Conduct. For a moneymaking outfit in corporate America today, that's actually pretty amazing, and good enough for me personally. I'm also going to be spending some time over the next few weeks learning about healthcare initiatives within Google, such as Dr. Roni Ziegler's work.

I'd go so far as to say that if the public debates about important issues like healthcare were as well-informed and considerate as the internal discussions I've seen so far at Google, then Michael Moore probably never would have felt the need to make the film Sicko. That would have been something of a shame, because, like Picasso's Guernica, Moore has made great art from the raw material of human suffering on a large scale. Go see it. (*)

*Like everything else in this blog, the movie review represents my personal opinion and does not in any way represent Google's official corporate policy.

I'm giving a talk on Advogato at Google on the evening of Monday the 25th. It's open to the public - all Advogatans who are in the area are welcome.

Here's the talk info. It will be videotaped, so if it's not convenient to the area, you'll probably be able to see video too.

Curves

I've been silent for a long time, but am getting ready to do a real release of my curve editing tools.

In the meantime, under the philosophy of "release early, release often," there's a very rough release up at the new Spiro page, as well as a darcs repository. Brave souls are encouraged to try it out, and of course patches are welcome (it's all GPL).

The timing is, coincidentally, in time for Dave Crossland's talk at LGM. He will be doing a demo, and is encouraging people to integrate the core technology with other projects like Inkscape.

PhD

If I am oddly quiet and rudely unresponsive, it is because I am trying to finish my PhD thesis - I really want to get a draft to my readers by May 21, which is of course very soon. Fortunately, I have a lot of it done. Even so, my goal is to spend most days doing nothing but writing and drawing figures.

Lots of stuff

Hi all! I've been fairly inwardly focussed for the past few months, but there's a lot of stuff happening now, and I'm feeling more like reaching out to the world. Usually this time of year I start feeling like I want to hibernate, what with the evenings getting dark and the rain beginning, but this time I seem to have even more energy than usual.

A tough logic puzzle

Do you like difficult puzzles? Wanna show off your brilliance to the rest of the world and make a little money to boot? Take a look at Ghostscript bug 688990. I spent more than a week trying to reverse engineer the imagemask interpolation algorithm used by Adobe PostScript, based on the original Mac implementation from twenty or so years ago, but was only able to come up with an approximate answer.

Feel free to post comments, questions, or requests for more test images to the bug itself. The "bountiable" keyword means that the solution (hopefully implemented as code) gets a check for, I think, $500. Fonts My font releases are moving forward. Inconsolata, in particular, is just about done, and that's now released under the new SIL Open Font License. There are a few other goodies posted on my font pages, for people who haven't seen them in a while. Geometry I met Nathan Hurst about six years ago when I gave a talk at linux.conf.au. We chatted about Libart, then pretty much went our separate ways since then. Libart, as you'll recall, was the graphics library behind Gill, which begat Sodipodi. Sodipodi, in turn, begat Inkscape, which is starting to draw a lot of attention and users. In any case, Inkscape now uses Cairo for the rendering, but the vector-based geometry operations are still somewhat messy and ad-hoc, so Nathan and others have founded the lib2geom project to address those needs. As it turns out, I have both interest in and need of these kinds of basic computational geometry primitives for my font work, especially stroke offset, intersection (for making nice clean outlines), and conversion to optimized Beziers. I have various prototypes written in Python and so on, and have sent those to Nathan. With luck, all of this stuff will come together as efficient, robust C++ code, and then my dream of having a good implementation of next-generation font tools will be that much closer. I'm also hopeful that, by joining forces with Nathan and others on the lib2geom project, Inkscape and other vector-based free software projects can benefit. Spam It looks like the new spam filter here is working swimmingly. I've long felt that the trust metric ideas were sound, but that they needed more time and energy on their implementation than they were getting. Looks like Steve is doing a great job on that, and I hope that the success here inspires other people as well. One project people might want to take a look at is the Bitchun Society, by Joseph Petviashvili. It basically implements a similar eigenvalue trust metric as the diary rankings here, but as a Jabber bot. I don't really know whether this particular implementation has the mojo to really take off, but the more trust metric toys there are out there to play with and learn from, the better. Other social connections I've been busy in lots of other ways too. Last night I had dinner with Till Kamppeter and a hundred or so other Ubuntu developers. We're working toward merging ESP Ghostscript into the main Ghostscript repository, something which our move to GPL-only licensing was meant to enable. We have a few details to iron out, but I'm very hopeful about improved user experience people should see as a result. Election Last Tuesday I worked as an election judge (fancy name for pollworker) at a precinct up the hill in Berkeley. I've become pretty cynical about the political process, and participating in this civic ritual at the neighborhood level was a great anodyne to that cynicism. I signed up largely out of concern for the mischief potential of all these fancy new voting machines. As it happened, our Sequoia Optech Insight jammed about three hours into the election, so we were back to putting paper ballots into a ballot-box, essentially stone-age technology. Most people seemed happy with that, and I'm pleased to report that our precinct was able to account for all but one of the 800+ pieces of paper we started with, at the end of our 14-hour day. My faith in democracy is much restored. I can heartily recommend working at the polls to fellow Advogatans. It's a great way to become more involved with your community and your country. Ghostscript leading edge is now GPL! I have some great news to report. The leading edge of Ghostscript development is now under GPL license, as is the latest release, Ghostscript 8.54. By switching to the GPL, we're reaffirming our commitment to the free software world. One big reason for this decision was to reduce the lead time between bugs being fixed in the development tree and users seeing the fixes, especially those users dependent on Linux distributions. Moving forward, we'd also like to resolve the effective fork with "ESP Ghostscript," so that our development tree is suitable directly for use in Linux distributions without a lot of extra patches. It would be very nice if all the GPL patches could be incorporated into the main tree without any license restrictions (which means that we need copyright assignment), but realistically, we'll still have to implement an apartheid system of some kind, so that a GPL-only subdirectory exists that gets deleted out of our commercial releases. As Raph Giles has posted recently, we're looking for a person to oversee this integration work, and to work more closely with the distributions and others in the free software community. Please let either of us know if you're interested. This might also be a good time to remind people of our "bug bounty" program, which pays a nice little bonus for fixing bugs in our tracker marked with the "bountiable" keyword. We haven't been getting a lot of development work from the free community recently, but we continue to get extremely valuable testing, patching, and other quality assurance. Thanks again to everybody in the community for this - it's much appreciated, and putting our leading edge development branch into GPL is one way of saying "thank you." I'm excited about the potential for working more closely with people in the free software world. WinHEC I'm posting this from our booth at WinHEC in Seattle, having just seen the keynote by Bill Gates. There's lots of cool technology and devices, but overall I got the sense of a totalitarian vision, no more so than in the "FlexGo" initiative designed for developing countries, in which people don't buy so much as rent PC's, and rely on a DRM-mode access control system that shuts the computer off if they don't pay. A lot of the stuff they showed at the keynote has to do with reducing the amount of manual configuration necessary. A lot of Windows Rally seems to be playing catch-up with Bonjour (formerly Rendezvous, and closely related to zeroconf, which is slowly but surely getting implemented in the free space). I think there's a lot of potential in this space, especially for first-principles research digging into the question of how much manual configuration is truly needed, as opposed to piling hack upon hack. Even though this is a Windows-centric conference, there are some developers who really grok the cross-platform and open source worlds. One app (which has asked not to be named) uses WxWidgets, and they're even considering OCaml. One of the main things holding them back from that would be the wx bindings, which currently only exist in very crude form. That's got me thinking again about choice of languages, and I'll probably be blogging about that. Among other things, I should take another look at wx to see whether it's Good Enough(tm) to build the cross-platform GUI stuff I need, or whether I should keep going with my own very lightweight C abstraction layer (check out the darcs repo if you want to play with it). High DPI One of the features promised for Vista is support for high-dpi displays. In the December beta of Vista, I played with setting the dpi to 192, and the results were terrible - in many cases, fonts were scaled doubly, once by being sensitive to the dpi setting, and again by the compatibility-mode scaling. The February beta was a lot better, so it's possible that it will kinda sorta work by the time Vista ships. That said, Samsung is here showing their family of flat panels, and none of their panels push dpi past what was widely available a couple years ago. Apple has also been making various noises about high-dpi applications, most notably David Hyatt's blog entry on high-dpi web sites. There are all kinds of crufty ways of detecting whether the browser is high-dpi, based on CSS3 selectors and so on, but there's no clean simple way to do it. David obviously can't say much about Apple's future product plans, but you can probably read between the lines when he mentions his Dell laptop with 1900x1200 (145dpi) resolution, not to mention the fact that he's working on this stuff at all. Apple is in a good position to innovate here - it would fit the pattern they set with 802.11, FireWire, combo drives, and more than a few other things. Travel I had a great time in the Netherlands - both working and having fun. A highlight of the trip was meeting great people like Dave Crossland (minimal web presence) and Jeroen Janssen. Curves There are a number of basic algorithms needed for any serious curve application, including stroke offset, intersection, and conversion to lower-level operations for rendering. The standard representation for curves is, of course, piecewise (cubic) Beziers, and in this representation the implementation of all these basic algorithms is reasonably well understood. However, these problem can't yet be considered solved in the free software world, because there is a lot of software out there that implements them badly (including FontForge, which I'd really like to see improved), and there isn't a really good library out there that you can just call. Rendering, yes, Beziers make that really simple. Stroke offset and intersection, though, are considered pretty difficult in the Bezier formulation. Offset, in particular, has a well-deserved reputation for being numerically tricky when starting from Beziers. See Comparing Offset Curve Approximation Methods for a pretty good survey of the problem. I've been spending lots of time with other curve representations, including the clothoid (spiral of Cornu). My main motivation has been to make a better UI for editing curves, but I'm starting to get the sense that they may be better for the under-the-hood tasks as well. While in the Netherlands, I worked out a closed-form equation (in Cesaro form) for offset curves of the Cornu spiral, and am inclined to believe that it's both simpler to code and likely to give better results (speed, robustness, accuracy) than previous methods. I'm blogging this partly to test the waters for a collaboration. I can see that happening in a few different ways. Maybe there's someone out there who really needs a solution to problems like stroke offset, and is willing to consider a new approach rather than a rehash of existing techniques. Alternatively, there might be a bright student or two who really want to stretch their numerical and computational geometry skills, and want to work with a mentor who's put a lot of thought into the problem. Either way, the result is likely to be a journal paper and a codebase published under a nice free software license. Xara Dave showed me screenshots and so on from Xara, for which the source code has just been released. I tried building it on Ubuntu Breezy, but ran into just enough make problems to run out of patience. Even so, it looks very interesting. I was getting something of a "too good to be true" vibe from the preannouncements, but now the code is out there, and the people behind it are showing up at free software events like the Libre Graphics Meeting. This project looks like it may well transform the landscape for free 2D graphics tools. Latin I'm citing this 1744 book by Leonhard Euler in my thesis chapter on the elastica, and need the following bit of Latin translated into English. Anyone out there who can handily read this, or recommend someone else who can? ut, inter omnes curvas ojusdem longitudinus, qu\ae\ non solum per puncta A \& B transeant, sed etiam in his punctis a rectis positione datis tangantur, definatur ea in qua sit valor hujus expressionis$\int {ds \over RR}\$ minimus.

I have a pretty good idea what it says, but don't trust my own ability to get all the cases and so on correct. And some of the words don't seem entirely standard to me. "ojusdem"?

Netherlands

I'll probably be spending the first couple of weeks of April in Venlo, the Netherlands, visiting a customer site. It might be cool to meet up with some free software hackers and font people in the area.

To follow up on either (or both) of these, my best email address is <firstname>.<lastname>@gmail.com.

LTNB

I have really fallen out of the habit of blogging, but I haven't exactly been a hermit like many of my other blogging lulls. I've been meeting up with quite a few people who have come through town (tor is here now), and generally keeping quite busy. Work, in particular, is hopping right now.

I come not only to bury auto*, but to praise it

I'm not at all surprised by the defenses of auto* in response to my rather harsh criticism.

Dom Lachowicz writes: I've yet to see a build system that attempted to fill auto*'s niche and fill it as well as auto* currently does. I agree completely, and perhaps my praise was simply too faint. The goal of making software building Just Work on a wide variety of Unix-like systems is extremely noble, and until auto*, it wasn't even obvious that it could be done.

I'd like to amplify even more. A lot of good free software is inspired by the existence of good proprietary software, in the sense that Gimp was inspired by Photoshop. If nothing else, the proprietary software represents an existence proof that it is possible to attain those goals.

I think this story applies somewhat to version control systems. We've had consensus for a very long time that CVS needed improvement and probably replacement, but it wasn't really until BitKeeper came along that the lightweight distributed version control systems (such as arch, darcs, and mercurial) started coming out of the woodwork.

Now, in the proprietary platform space, build systems are very slick, but none of them give a rat's ass about portability to other platforms. To the contrary, the nicer an IDE is to work in, the less likely the developer is to escape the golden handcuffs. Lock-in is the highest goal. If we're going to create a much better build system, we have to look to ourselves for the inspiration, because we're not going to find it anywhere else. auto* was the first great existence proof, and I think it is high time for others.

Andy Tai and others call for incremental improvement to auto*, including a gradual phase-out of M4, but, with David Turner, I'm not sure that's really feasible. I believe a program of incremental improvement to auto* will never really be able to reduce the overall system complexity. And I do believe that a much simpler system is possible, especially without the demands of adhering to M4, least-common-denominator make, and least-common-denominator shell.

I admit I did overstate some of my original points for the sake of rhetoric. There are, indeed, good reasons to use other compilers than the GNU toolchain. Ralph Giles takes me to task for not acknowledging the importance of Solaris, but for the applications I'm personally most interested in building (font editors and the like), these vendor Unices are vastly less important than native Win32 support.

Dom writes: Regarding auto*'s tendency to work around deficiencies in ld/cc/nm/etc..., all I can counter with is "we don't control the horizontal and the vertical". In response, I ask: Who does? Bill Gates? Maybe after he figures it out we can try to clone it?

I'm not calling for violent overthrow of the auto* hegemony. I am calling for:

• A profusion of prototypes of new autoconfiguring build systems, much like the distributed version control systems we've seen come out in the last couple years or so.

• A careful look at which aspects of make/ld/package managers/etc are holding us back, and clear goals enunciated about how they might be fixed.

• A more quantitative approach to thinking about building, perhaps empirically measured in challenges, where students are forced to use the tools to build and package a trivial app for Linux, Mac, and Windows platforms, and entries are scored based on time taken, defects in the results, and so on.

I've had a strong enough long-term interest in this field that I am likely to make one such prototype myself. One reason I'm blogging about now is to gauge the waters, to figure out whether there are other people thinking along similar lines, or whether I'm pretty much just pissing into the wind as far as the broader free software community.

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